APPLICATION OF GEO-INFORMATICS IN THE MAPPING OF AREAS VULNERABLE TO SURFACE WATER STRESS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/jees.2024.0101/02Keywords:
Vulnerability,, GIS,, Remote sensing,, Climate variability,, Water stressAbstract
The main purpose of this paper is to identify water-stressed areas as a response to land use/land cover (LULC), climate variability, and increasing population in Kaduna State using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information systems. To achieve this aim, the paper set out to identify/map out areas vulnerable to water stress in the study area. The Meteorological data for the study were sourced from twelve remotely sensed stations around Kaduna State for thirty-seven years (1984 to 2021), land use data from remotely sensed satellite imageries that covered thirty-seven years, and projected population for thirty-seven years respectively. There are several indices used to compute water stress and the paper opted for indices that could monitor climate variability and surface water resources. Thereafter, the six indicators were standardized, weighted, and aggregated in Microsoft Excel, and imported into the ArcGIS 10.2.1 environment, and a weightier vulnerability model analysis was used to determine the weights of each variable’s contribution to water stress. The result achieved indicated that: 54.41% of the entire study area is vulnerable to water stress, 15.80% is moderately vulnerable, 26.23% is less vulnerable and 3.56% is not vulnerable to water stress within the period under study. Furthermore, Birnin Gwari, Chikun, Igabi, Ikara, and Kajuru Local Government Areas (LGAs) were the most vulnerable areas in the State while not vulnerable areas are; Kauru, Kagarko, and Jaba LGAs. The paper recommends the implementation of water conservation measures which include the creation of wetlands and shelter belts in areas vulnerable to water stress.
References
Abaje, I.B., Achiebo, J.P. and Matazu, B.M. (2018). Spatio-temporal Analysis of Rainfall Distribution in Kaduna State, Nigeria, Ghana Journal of Geography Vol.10 (1) pp 1-21
Abaje, I.B., Ogoh, A.O., Amos, B.B. and Abashiya, M. (2015). Climate Change, Flood Disaster Assessment and Human Security in Katsina State, Nigeria. American Journal of Human Ecology, 4 (4), 47-56.
Abaje, I.B., Ndabula, C. and Garba, A.H. (2014). Is the Changing Rainfall Pattern of Kano State and its Adverse Impacts an Indication of Climate Change? European Scientific Journal, 10 (2), pp. 192-206.
Adah, P.D. (2013). Challenges of Urban Water Management in Nigeria: The Way Forward, Journal of Environmental Sciences and Resource Management, 5:1.111 - 121
Ali, K. A. (2012). Development of Water Supply Infrastructure in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. Lecture Delivered at the Nigerian Society of Engineers October Lecture. October, 4.
Aller, L.T., Bennet, J., Lehr, H. and Petty, R.J. (1987) DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings. Journal of Water Resources Vol20 pp10-20.
Ati O.F., Iguisi E.O and Afolaya J.O. (2007). Are We Experiencing Drier Conditions in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of Nigeria? Journal of Applied Science Res. 3(12) pp1746-1751
Bademosi, A. (Dec 14, 2015). MDGs: Nigeria Failed 75% Target on Access to Water. Nigerian Tribune.
Eastman, J.R. (2006) IDRISI Andes – Guide to GIS and Image Processing. Clark Labs. A
Edame, G.E., Anam, B.E., Fonta, W.M. and Duru, E.J.C. (2011). Climate Change, Food Security and Agricultural Productivity in Africa: Issues and Policy Directions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1 (21), pp. 205-223
Engle, N.L. and Lemos M.C. (2010). Unpacking Governance: Building Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change of River Basins in Brazil. Journal of Global Environmental Change Vol20 (1) pp4-13.
Evans, J.P. (2008). 21st Century Climate Change in the Middle East. Journal of Global Climate Change Vol92 pp417-432.
Farley, K.A., Tague C. and Grant G.E. (2011). Vulnerability of Water Supply from the Oregon Cascades to Changing Climate: Linking Science to Users and Policy. Journal of Environmental Change Vol21 pp110-122
Gaughan, A.E.; Binford, M.W. and Southworth, J. (2009). Tourism, Forest Conversion, and Land Transformations in the Angkor Basin, Cambodia. Journal of Applied Geography, 29, pp. 212–223.
Gaupp, F., Hall, J. and Dadson, S. (2015). The Role of Storage Capacity in Coping with Intra- and Inter-annual Water Variability in Large River Basins. Environmental Resources Lett 10:125001.
Ghosh, P. P., Banik, P., Patel, N. and Pal, D. J., (2013). Vegetation Stress Detection with Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for a Winning Agribusiness. International Journal of Business Analytics and Intelligence, 1(1), pp. 1-8.
Guimarães, G. N., Jongman, B., Aerts, J. and Ward, P. J. (2017). The Role of Climate Variability in Extreme Floods in Europe. IOP Science, 12(1), pp. 1-11.
Hammada, M., Mucsi, L. and Van-Leeuwen, B. (2018). Land Cover Change Investigation in the Southern Syrian Coastal Basin during the Past 30 Years Using Landsat Remote Sensing Data. Journal of Environmental Geography Vol.11 (1-2) pp.45-51.
Hofste, R. W., Reig, P. and Schleiter, L. (2019). Countries Home to One-Quarter of the World’s Population Face Extremely High-Water Stress, National Water Stress Ranking Published by World Resources Institute Washington, DC.
Idowu, I.A. and Muazu, K.M. (2010). Mapping Land Use/Land Covers and Change Detection in Kafur Local Government Area, Katsina (1995-2008) Using Remote Sensing and GIS. In (Ed.) A. Ogidiolu. Contemporary Issues in Infrastructural Development and Management in Nigeria Published by Department of Geography and Planning, Kogi State University Anyigba
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Summary for Policymakers. In Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E. and White, L.L. (Eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (pp. 1-32.). Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Ishiaku. H. (2011). Water Supply Dilemma in Rural Areas: Locking Towards the Sky for an Answer: Journal of Water Resources and Protection. 3: 8:596-606.
Jandova, V., Buckova, M. Hegrova, J., Dostail, I., Huzlik, J., Effenberger, K., and Licbinsky, R. (2020). The Relationship among Precipitation, Application of Salt in Winter Road Maintenance and the Quality of Waterways and Soil around Motorway, Journal of Water Resources Vol. 12 p2206
Kaduna State Bureau of Statistics (2020). Population Dynamic Report, Statistical Year Book Published by Government of Kaduna State Planning and Budget Commission.
Kaduna State Government [KDSG]. (2018). Profile of Kaduna State. Retrieved September 18, 2018, from http://www.kadunastateprofile.gov.ng/kaduna/
Kaduna State Bureau of Statistics (2018). Population Dynamic Report, Statistical Year Book Published by Government of Kaduna State Planning and Budget Commission.
Kelkar U., Narula K., Sharma V.P., and Chandna U. (2008). Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change and Water Stress in Uttarakhand State in India. Journal of Global Environmental Change Vol.18 (4) pp564-574.
Klemas, V. and Pieterse, A., (2015). Using Remote Sensing to Map and Monitor Water Resources in Arid and Semiarid regions. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 1(1), pp. 33 - 59.
Krueger, E.S., Yimam, Y.T. and Ochsner, T.E. (2017). Human Factors were Dominant Drivers of Record Low Stream-flow to a Surface Water Irrigation District in the US Southern Great Plains. Agricultural and Water Management Journal 185:93–104.
Lal R., Delgado J.A., Groffman P.M., Millar N., Dell C. and Rotz A. (2011). Management to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Vol.66 pp276-285
Maliva, R. G. and Missimer, T. M., (2012). Arid lands Water Evaluation and management, Journal Water Resources, 1(2), pp.126–127.
Melillo, J.M., Richmond, T. and Yohe, G. (2014). Climate Change Impacts in the United States: Third National Climate Assessment (US Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC).
Merem, E.C., Twumasi, Y., Wesley, J., Isokpehi, P., Shenge, M., Fageir, S., Crisler, M., Romono, C., Hines, A., Hirse, G., Ochai, S., Leggett, S. and Nwagboso, E. (2017), Analysing Water Management Issues in Nigeria Using GIS: The Case of Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience 7 (1), pp.20-46
Merem, E.C. and Twumasi, Y. A (2018). Geospatial Information Systems Analysis of Regional Environmental Change along the Savannah River Basin of Georgia; International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 5: 1:281-294.
Milly, P.C.D., Betancourt J., Falkenmark M., Hirsch R.M., Kundzewicz Z.W., Lettenmaier D.L. and Stouffer R.J. (2008). Stationarity is Dead: Whither Water Management. Journal of Climate Change Science Vol.319 pp573-574.
Milly, P.C.D., Dunne K.A. and Vecchia A.V. (2005). Global Pattern Trends in Streamflow and Water Availability in a Changing Climate. Journal of Nature Vol.438 (7066) pp347-350.
Moulin, C., Lanbart C.E., Dulac F. and Dayan U. (1997). Control of Atmospheric Export of Dust from North Africa in the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Nigerian Vision 20:2020 (2009). Report of the Vision 2020 National Technical Working Group on Agriculture and Food Security. National Planning Commission, Abuja.
Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) (2018). 2018 Seasonal Rainfall Prediction (SRP) A Publication of Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Published by Avsatel Communications Ltd Abuja
Ochekpe, S. (2013). Mid-Term Report on Water Sector Transformation 2011-2013. Presented at the 2013 Ministerial Platform, Federal Ministry of Water Resources. Abuja, FCT: National Press Centre Radio House.
Ojigi, M.C. (2010). Flood hazard and risk mapping of Birni Kebbi and environs using geospatial techniques. Journal of geographic information science vol. 1 no. 1
Oyinloye, M.A. (2013). Geospatial Analysis of Urban Growth-the Case of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities Vol 3 (4), pp 200-212
Pekel, J.F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N. and Belward, A.S. (2016). High-Resolution Mapping of Global Surface Water and its Long-term Changes. Journal of Nature 540:418–422.
Salami, A.T., Ekanade, O. and Oyinloye, R.O. (1999). Detection of Forest Reserve Incursion in South-western Nigeria from a Combination of Multi-data Aerial Photographs and High-Resolution Satellite Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20(8), pp.1487-1497
Salihu, A. C., Abdulkadir, A., Nsofor, G.N., Suleiman, Y.M., Ojoye, S. and Otache, M.Y. (2019). Sensitivity of the Guinea and Sudano-sahelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria to Climate Change, Second Biennial International Conference by School of Physical Sciences of the Federal University of Technology Minna- Nigeria.
SanchezGoni, M.F. and Harrison S. (2010). Millennial-Scale Climate Variability and Vegetation Changes during the Last Glacial: Concept and Terminology. Quaternary Science Review Vol.29 pp2823-2827.
Shiao, T. and Stockholm, P. R., (2013). Proliferation of Terminology Used for Disclosure, S.L.: World Resources Institute.
Taiwo, A.M. (2012), Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Nigeria; Situational Analysis and Future Management Strategies for Pollution, Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment. Journal of Technology 2(1), pp.301-320.
United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2017). New UNICEF Report on Water and Children in a Changing Climate on 22nd March, 2017 World Water Day.
Van Dam, J.C. (1999). Impacts of Climate Change and Climatic Variability on Hydrological Regimes; International Hydrology Series; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Yusuf, S. (2015). Kaduna: Physical and Human Environment. Department of Geography Kaduna State University, Kaduna. Published by Shanono Printers and Publishers Kaduna
