FUDMA Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Federal University Dutsin-Ma Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences Online ISSN: 1595-9708 Print ISSN: 1595-9686
Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences
GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND MINING-RELATED POLLUTION IN STREAM SEDIMENTS OF THE A-TYPE GRANITE COMPLEX, OF SHIRA AREA, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
This study investigates the occurrence and distribution of elements in rocks and stream sediments from the Shira area, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to assess metal inputs into the surrounding environment. Primary data were obtained through systematic sampling and laboratory analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) following HF–HNO₃ digestion. Twenty-three sampling sites covering approximately 120 km² were investigated. Results show that Li, Cs, Co, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pb, Th, U, and Zn are the most prominent trace elements in the study area. Thorium and uranium concentrations are significantly higher in rock samples than in stream sediments, with mean values of 3.89 ppm (Th) and 21.92 ppm (U) in rocks compared to 0.38 ppm and 2.7 ppm, respectively, in stream sediments. Lead exhibits a high mean concentration of 186.68 ppm in rocks but only 4.05 ppm in stream sediments. Copper, nickel, and zinc show notably elevated concentrations in rocks (296.23 ppm, 35.29 ppm, and 97.67 ppm, respectively) relative to stream sediments. The analysed elements include As, Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Cs, Ga, Nb, Ni, Mo, Sn, Th, and U. Comparison with global average crustal and rock-type geochemical background values indicates enrichment in As, V, Ni, Cr, and Pb. Enrichment factor analysis, based on regional geological background values, demonstrates that elevated elemental concentrations in stream sediments are primarily controlled by geological sources rather than industrial contamination.
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ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRAINTS OF TRANSPORTING LIVESTOCK FROM MAI’ADUA MARKET, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
This paper examines the constraints of transporting livestock from the Mai’adua market. Both primary and secondary data were utilised for this study. The primary data was obtained via a structured questionnaire, while the secondary data was obtained from the Katsina State Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the State Ministry of Agriculture. Purposive sampling was used to select the study market, and snowball and quota sampling were employed to administer the questionnaire. The data were analysed using both descriptive statistics (simple percentages) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis). The finding reveals that males aged 35 to 54 are the primary actors in the livestock business and transportation. The results further indicate that poor roads, high taxes, unreceipted fees, and traffic congestion were the most significant challenges affecting livestock handling, trading, and transportation in the study market. Similarly, the correlation analysis shows both positive and negative associations among the variables. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the government improve the state of roads and construct railways from the sources to the various destinations to ensure smooth and relatively cheaper livestock transport.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF AQUIFER POTENTIALS IN MASHI TOWN, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA: A VERTICAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY APPROACH
Groundwater is a vital natural resource concealed beneath the Earth's surface; it is the most undervalued component of global resources. It is a critical resource accounting for nearly one-third of the world's freshwater supplies, particularly in areas where surface water is limited or unpredictable. A geophysical survey using vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted to explore groundwater prospecting areas in Mashi town, Katsina state. A total of eighteen (18) VES survey points using Schlumberger array configuration were acquired, processed and interpreted. The results revealed aquifer resistivity ranges from 87.6 to 198 Ώm. In contrast, aquifer thickness ranges between 3.86 and 33.4 m, aquifer depth varies from 9.1 to 40.3 m, transverse resistance ranges between 206.124 and 4255 Ώm2, and the range of hydraulic conductivity is 2.734 to 5.955 m/day. The estimated transmissivity range is 13.634 to 126.047 m2/day. The results indicate that the southeastern part of the study area has the potential for groundwater development. Therefore, areas around VES 1 to 10 are suitable for borehole drilling, which could yield high-quality water, and a depth of 20-40 m should be targeted for groundwater development.
LANDCOVER MAPPING OF EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS (ADO-EKITI) USING ASTRIUM PLEIADES-HR 1A IMAGERY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL
Remotely sensed satellite imagery and GIS technologies were utilised to map land cover of the Ekiti State University campus in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. GPS coordinates comprising 25 Ground Control Points (GCPs) taken with Mobile Topographer and a 1:20,000-scale basemap of the study area were also utilised in the processing. The Data were interpreted using the USGS/Anderson (1976) land cover classification and the IGU (1952) colour classification scheme. Supervised classification was performed using ArcGIS 10.3. Six landcover classes were identified, with Mixed Vegetation (MV) and Crop Field/Pasture (CF/P) accounting for the most significant areas, 156.06 hectares and 142.12 hectares, respectively. Built-up area (BU) covers only 91.63 hectares of the total land cover, with apparently sufficient space for future expansion, given judicious land allocation and adequate planning of development channels. Open Surface (OS) covers 19.91 hectares of the landcover. It occurs as barelands within the Built-up area (BU), but as bare rock surfaces in other parts of the entire university landcover. Plantation and Forest are the least, with only 11.48 hectares and 11.15 hectares, respectively, and should be conserved against further depletion. An overall accuracy of 75% and a kappa coefficient of 0.693 indicate the reliability of the classification on the final maps and data. The study demonstrated that remotely sensed data, coupled with GIS analysis, can be effectively used for land cover mapping of the study area. The resulting information can be incorporated into master and strategic plans for current and future development planning efforts and can help reduce potential environmental problems.
AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED DUMP SITES IN MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates air quality at dump sites in Makurdi, focusing on the pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO). It compares the levels of these pollutants to national air quality standards and the guidelines set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The study analyses variation in pollutant concentrations across locations, including Modern Market, North Bank, Wadata, and Wurukum, and compares dump and control sites as well as morning and evening periods. Findings indicate that NO₂ concentrations are higher at dump sites than at control sites, suggesting that waste disposal activities contribute to NO₂ emissions. Evening NO₂ levels with (0.073 ± 0.047) are higher than morning levels with (0.066 ± 0.052), due to increased waste-burning or vehicle activities during peak hours. SO₂ levels also show elevated concentrations at dump sites in the morning, with Modern Market exhibiting the highest SO₂ levels with (0.122 ± 0.169), likely due to early waste-burning practices. In contrast, control sites show lower SO₂ levels with (0.013 ± 0.034), underscoring the influence of waste management practices on localised SO₂ pollution. CO concentrations are higher at dump sites, with morning measurements in Wurukum (3.05 ± 0.79) and Wadata (2.983 ± 0.983) reaching peak levels, attributed to incomplete combustion processes standard in waste incineration. Evening CO levels are lower yet remain elevated compared to control sites, which show minimal CO presence. The observed pollutant patterns highlight the need for improved waste management practices and regulatory interventions to mitigate air quality degradation and protect public health.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTS’ SATISFACTION AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HOUSING ESTATES IN BAUCHI TOWN
Research has shown that, in developing countries, most public and private housing projects failed mainly because they did not consider what satisfies occupants’ residential needs. To provide policymakers with a database, this study compared residents' satisfaction with various housing and neighbourhood components across a few public and private housing estates in Bauchi town. To measure satisfaction levels, a quantitative survey research design was used, with structured questionnaires on a 5-point Likert scale. Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) table was used to choose a sample of 86 housing units. Simple random sampling was used in private estates, while stratified sampling was used in public estates. Descriptive statistics (mean ranking) were used to analyse. According to the study, people living in private estates were happier with their homes and neighbourhoods than people living in public estates. However, there were issues with recreational facilities, waste management, and safety for both kinds of estates. Despite these problems, the majority of residents continued to favour their current neighbourhoods for their accessibility, affordability, and sense of community. The study finds that although living conditions in private housing are superior, residents' expectations are not met by either type of housing. It recommends that housing developers and policymakers prioritise the provision of essential facilities and services, and urges the government to leverage institutions such as the National Urban Development Bank to support infrastructure improvements.
POPULATION GROWTH CHALLENGES AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES: CASE STUDY OF ZARIA AND SABON GARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
The study examines the contemporary issues of population growth, challenges, and prospects regarding the Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, involving 340 households. The study's data were collected through a structured questionnaire. A systematic sampling method was adopted to select respondents in areas with street layouts, and a random sampling method was used to choose household heads (as respondents for the study) in unplanned areas. The results indicated that 32.6% were married to more than one wife, and 42.9% had only a Quranic/Primary education. 45.5% are farmers. More results show that respondents maintained large family sizes (25.3%). 45% believed that religion was the cause of the area's high population. More than half (51%) believe that population growth can be reduced only by raising awareness of the negative consequences of overpopulation. The study therefore concluded that the area has witnessed a tremendous increase in population in recent years, with attendant implications and challenges like high crime, inflation, food insecurity, and youth unemployment. The study recommended that monogamous marriages should be encouraged. This is possible through mass education and enlightenment about the need to marry only one wife, thereby reducing family sizes. Early marriage should be discouraged, and education for the girl child should be encouraged; people should embrace family planning practices. Secondly, awareness of the negative consequences of population increase should be created.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AMONG MAIZE FARMERS TOWARDS FOOD SECURITY IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined maize farmers' adaptation strategies towards food security in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Benue State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to choose six LGAs from the state. Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination method was used to select 783 farmers, who were purposively sampled for the study. A self-structured questionnaire, titled the Crop Farmers' Perception Questionnaire (CFPQ), and an interview guide, titled the Crop Farmers' Perception Interview Guide (CFPIG), were used to elicit relevant information from respondents. Six focus group discussions were conducted, one in each LGA. A Relative Importance Index (RII) technique was used to determine the relative importance of various adaptation strategies to climate change. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents revealed that 75% were male, 50% were within the 30–40 years age group, the majority (39%) had attained secondary education, and 72% had lived in the area for 20–30 years. These characteristics are believed to have influenced the farmers’ perceptions and their choice of adaptation strategies. Mixed cropping ranked first among the adaptation strategies used by farmers, followed by early planting, the use of organic/inorganic manure, and the planting of pest- and disease-resistant crops. To enhance food security and promote climate resilience, the study recommends scaling up successful strategies, such as mixed cropping and organic manure use, and fostering integrated farming practices, including mixed farming and crop rotation, to improve soil health, reduce pests and diseases, and enhance overall agricultural productivity.
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study assesses the socio-economic impact of recycling programs on sustainable waste management in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, including a structured questionnaire and interviews with 384 respondents. The findings reveal that 72.92% of respondents are aware of recycling programs, with 42.86% rating them as "Effective." However, 10.71% considered these programs "Ineffective" or "Very Ineffective," indicating room for improvement. The most commonly recycled materials were plastic (35%) and paper (25%), while glass (13%) and metal (10%) were less frequently recycled. Economically, 57.29% of respondents reported benefiting from recycling programs, primarily through income generation (40.46%) and employment opportunities (32.27%). The study concludes with recommendations to enhance recycling programs, including public awareness campaigns, provision of recycling infrastructure, and community engagement. These findings underscore the importance of recycling programs in fostering sustainable waste management and socio-economic development in Kaduna Metropolis.
ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PERCEPTION ON GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY AND FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) GULLY CONTROL PROJECTS IN GOMBE TOWN, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the perception of the gully control project affected communities along the corridor of FCE(T) and GSU gully erosion control projects, both primary and secondary sources of data were used for this study, in-depth interviews and interaction with sampled community members was used to generate primary data, the total of 109 sampled were used, out of which 28 respondents are from GSU gully while 81 are from FCE(T) gully project area were selected from the list of Project affected persons using Random sampling. The study used descriptive statistics to analyse interview data. The result showed that the communities are satisfied with the project and were involved throughout project planning and implementation. Respondents agreed that the gully erosion control project carried out possessed the attribute required to withstand the test of time and to last long enough to benefit the community for an extended period, and indicated their willingness to support the project's sustainability. The study concluded that the gully erosion control projects at GSU and FCE(T) were holistic in their approach, carrying members of the project-affected communities along at various stages of the project, from project planning to implementation, which will go a long way toward ensuring ownership of the project by the affected communities.
ANALYSIS OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY OF SOME SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN ZANGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Agricultural marketing plays a significant part in extending the market for farm products in Nigeria. Marketing efficiency is a vital objective in agriculture and food marketing. The paper examines the marketing efficiency of Millet, Groundnut, and Sesame in the Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique involving two different stages was adopted and used to select two hundred and eighty-three (283) grain marketers in three (3) major weekly periodic markets in the study area. Quantitative data were collected from sampled grain marketers using well-structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and marketing margin. The study's findings indicated that the majority of respondents were male. It was predominantly composed of energetic individuals aged 30 to 34. The results showed that the majority of respondents were married and possessed a tertiary education. The findings also indicated that most individuals had household sizes of 6 to 10 persons. The results further revealed that the marketing efficiencies of the selected crops were 0.129, 0.043, and 0.090, respectively, using Shepherd’s (1956) model of marketing efficiency, which states that marketing efficiency ≥ 1 indicates efficient and ≤ 1 indicates inefficient. Based on this, it can be concluded that agricultural product marketing in the study area is inadequate. The following recommendations were made: crop marketers should develop innovative marketing tactics, including value addition to commodities, to enhance their profit margins. The government should regulate crop marketers' trading activities to ensure business efficiency.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' ADAPTATION TO DROUGHT IN NORTHERN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH
The study aimed to assess smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies to drought in the northern part of Katsina. The study used qualitative data obtained from farmers in four Local Government Areas. The objectives of the study are to examine the effects of drought and the adaptation strategies, as well as the constraints to adaptation. Data for the study were collected through Focus Group Discussion (n=28) and Key Informants Interview (n=10). The effects identified by the smallholder farmers were reduced crop yields, total crop failure, hunger, drying of surface and subsurface water, loss of animals, and vegetation. Furthermore, the results showed that smallholder farmers adapt to drought by planting drought-tolerant crops, planting early-maturing crops, practicing multiple cropping, applying manure, engaging in mixed farming, and using insecticides. Others were adjusting the farming calendar, planting economic trees, and switching to other businesses. Constraints to adaptation include limited access to improved crop varieties, credit, extension services, and irrigation water sources. It also consists of a lack of capital, high fertilizer and other farm input costs, and poor governance. It is recommended that smallholder farmers work together to develop sustainable community-based adaptation strategies and to plant economic trees as a livelihood activity. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations should empower farmers to adopt robust methods, such as irrigation, and incorporate their adaptation knowledge into the national drought plan.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON CONCENTRATION OF MICROPLASTICS IN DAM WATERS IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has appeared as a serious environmental and public health concern, with water systems serving as primary routes for human exposure. This study comprehensively evaluated MPs contamination across ten (10) dams in the three geopolitical zones of Katsina State, Nigeria, using a standard technique. The study determined the concentration of MPs using wet oxidation digestion methods. It analysed the surface morphology and polymer types of the samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed significant spatial variability with MPs concentrations ranging from 28.00 ± 4.00 to 48.00 ± 4.00 particles L-1. Among the dams, Zobe dam exhibited the highest Contamination Factor (CF=1.71), Polymer Risk Index (PRI=19.7), and Microplastic Pollution Risk Index (MPRI = 33.7), indicating a critical risk. The Dam samples contained five polymer types: polyethene (PE), polystyrene (PS), nylon, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyethene terephthalate (PET). Furthermore, MPs were classified into four groups based on their physical characteristics, with fragments being the most abundant, followed by fibres, films, and pellets. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of MPs was higher in children than in adults, indicating a potential health risk for consumers of these waters. The prevalence of MPs, particularly Polystyrene (PS) dominated particles at Zobe Dam, poses critical health risks, with children being disproportionately vulnerable. The study recommends immediate source reduction strategies targeting polystyrene-based products and other polymer types, establishing stringent MP monitoring programs, and developing public awareness campaigns to minimise exposure risks, especially among adults and children.
EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL AND PROXIMITY OF DUMPSITES ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN DUTSE TOWN, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
The study examines the relationship between changes in land use from 2015 to 2025 and groundwater quality, especially near the Dutse Ultra-Modern Market Dumpsite, where commercial activities have multiplied due to urban sprawl and increased waste generation. The study also accounts for proximity effects. Only four groundwater sources were available and therefore, were taken as the sampling points. The parameters selected are: copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron, and manganese, due to their relevance in groundwater quality assessment, and the American Public Health Association (APHA) method was utilised. The study was triggered by reported changes in groundwater sources near the dumpsites by communities around the Dutse-Ultra Modern Market. The land use and land cover change results indicate urban expansion between 2015 and 2025, with a notable increase in built-up areas from 41.9302 Km² to 66.906 km². However, the results of the water quality analysis show that all selected parameters were within the recommended permissible limits of the WHO and NSDWQ drinking water standards, except for iron and manganese, which were elevated, particularly at sample point A. In this sample point (borehole A), iron concentration exceeded the permissible limit (0.112; WHO 1), whilst manganese has surpassed the highest desirable level but is within the maximum permissible limit (0.349; WHO 0.5). It is suspected that the proximity of sample point A (Lat. 0537328, Long. 1292669) to the dumpsites was the contributing factor for the escalated concentration of iron and manganese in sample A (Figure 1). It was recommended that water sources, such as boreholes and wells, should be located away from dumpsites.
WATER QUALITY AND TILLAGE PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN A GUINEA SAVANNA ECOLOGICAL ZONE, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
The study aimed to examine the effects of tillage methods on surface runoff, model the patterns and processes of surface water pollution associated with tillage methods, and predict the highest contributions of different agricultural land uses to the modelled features. The study was carried out at the Unilorin Teaching and Research Farm (UTRF), Ilorin, and the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation (NCAM), Idofian, during the 2015 and 2016 maize planting seasons. Traditional heap (T), Notill (NT), Plough/Harrow (PH), and Plough/Harrow/Ridge (PHR) tillage were applied to surface runoff plots. Treatments were replicated three times, yielding 12 plots per location. Samples of surface runoff were collected from experimental plots. Water physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard laboratory procedures. Data were subjected to Analysis of variance, Least Significant Difference, Tukeyʼs test, and Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The study reveals that 10 surface runoff physico-chemical parameters (e.g., nitrate at 0.001 and 0.001 mg/L in the seasons) were significant for NT and T. In contrast, seven (e.g., magnesium with 0.001 and 0.045 mg/l in 2015, 0.001 and 0.027 mg/l in 2016) were significant for PH and PHR at UTRF and NCAM sites. Also, the SWAT model showed that four of nine biophysical factors examined (sediment yield-10.54 metric tons/ha, groundwater amount-174.45GWQmm, organic nitrogen- 62.62kg/ha, and nitrogen in surface runoff -5.15kg/ha) were higher for T, while three (surface runoff amount- 374.42SURQmm, evapotranspiration-752.78ETmm, and soil loss-1.05USLE_LS) were higher for PH and PHR. The study concluded that tillage methods affect water quality. However, PH had a comparatively favourable effect on surface runoff. It is therefore recommended that PH be adopted to reduce water pollution and promote a sustainable environment.
ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study evaluates public perception of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes in Kaduna State, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on awareness, inclusivity, transparency, and barriers to participation. A mixed-methods design was adopted, utilising structured questionnaires administered to 384 respondents, with only 363 returning. Results indicate that 71.63% of respondents were aware of EIA, with information obtained mainly through government agencies (33.06%) and social media platforms (27.55%). Nonetheless, only 41.32% perceived the process as inclusive, while 17.36% regarded it as non-transparent, citing limited access to information and mistrust of institutions. Public participation was similarly low (41.32%), constrained primarily by lack of awareness (55.10%), mistrust (41.32%), and inadequate access to relevant information (33.06%). The study concludes that although perceptions of EIA in Kaduna Metropolis are relatively positive, critical gaps remain in awareness, inclusivity, and transparency. The study recommends implementing comprehensive awareness campaigns, promoting educational and community-based programs, improving transparency in decision-making, and involving community leaders and representatives in EIA processes to foster trust, inclusivity, and ownership.
A GEOSPATIAL AND INTEGRATED EVALUATION OF MULTI-HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS IN THE SAHELIAN CORRIDOR OF NIGERIA
This study presents a comprehensive, GIS-based multi-hazard risk assessment of the Sahelian corridor of Nigeria, focusing on three dominant and interconnected environmental hazards: flooding, erosion, and desertification. The research was guided by the central aim of assessing the increasing effects of these hazards, with specific objectives including assessing the interconnections of the three hazards. A geo-spatial methodology was employed, utilising a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and diverse datasets, including DEMs, climate data, and socio-economic indicators, to map susceptibility for each hazard through reclassification and weighted overlay analysis. The analysis revealed a pervasive and interconnected threat landscape: 57.84% of the land falls into the high flood hazard zone, with an additional 12.65% in the very high hazard zone. For erosion, over 95% of the land is at moderate (71.24%) or high (24.35%) risk of soil loss. Desertification is also a significant threat, with 30.39% at moderate risk, 21.34% at high risk, and 7.03% at very high risk. The integrated multi-hazard risk assessment identified that 26.37% of the total study area is at high risk, and 4.07% is at very high risk. High-risk states identified are Jigawa, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara, with the Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Shinkafi and Sokoto South classified as very high-risk hotspots. The study concludes that multi-hazard risk is amplified by human factors such as population density and infrastructure concentration, and recommends structural measures, such as drainage rehabilitation and afforestation, alongside non-structural measures, such as land-use planning and early warning systems, to enhance resilience and integrate risk assessments into local development policies.
PERCEIVED RISK OF AIR POLLUTION AND ITS HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AMONG COMMERCIAL CAB DRIVERS IN ILORIN TOWN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the risk of exposure to air pollution among commercial cab drivers in Ilorin town, Nigeria. The objectives focused on socio-economic characteristics of commercial drivers, types and condition of vehicles, and working duration. Seasonal variation in air pollution-related symptoms experienced by commercial drivers was examined as well. A structured questionnaire was used to collect, and 394 copies were administered. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-test were used to analyse the data. The results were presented in tables and charts. Findings revealed that the drivers were male (100%), with most being over 35 years old (31.5%). The Saloon Car is the most used vehicle. Commercial cab drivers typically resume work as early as 6 am and close late in the evening. Cough (36.8%), headache (39.6%), catarrh (37.1%), depression (36.5%), and eye redness, as well as itching (39.3%), were commonly experienced by commercial transporters. The extent to which health conditions are experienced varies significantly between the rainy and dry seasons, with a F-ratio of 61.36 and a p-value of less than 0.05 (P<0.05). The differences in health conditions associated with air pollution exposure among drivers during both dry and rainy seasons were not significant, as evidenced by a t-test value of 1.8, with a p-value greater than 0.05 (P>0.05). It was concluded that drivers experience air pollution-related health issues, including cough, headache, catarrh, depression, and eye redness and itching. The health issues, however, occurred both in dry and rainy seasons. This study recommends that the drivers adopt a work schedule that limits exposure to air pollution.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS TREE SPECIES IN GARUN MALAM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KANO STATE
The study analysed the spatial distribution and socioeconomic importance of indigenous tree species in the Garun Malam Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. A physical survey was conducted to inventory indigenous tree species, and GPS was used to obtain geographic coordinates. A social survey method, including questionnaire administration and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), was employed to gather in-depth information on the socio-economic importance of indigenous trees in the study area. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered in ten (10) wards purposively selected. For the spatial distribution, the geographic coordinates were imported into ArcGIS to produce a map. Information on socio-economic importance was obtained through the administration of questionnaires and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with 18 elders in the community. The results of the findings showed that approximately 80% of the indigenous trees were found in open spaces that were not under cultivation. The study found that almost all the indigenous tree species have different uses. Additionally, more than 70% of the trees were used for food, medicine, and shelter, allowing people to engage in various trading activities involving the valuable parts of the tree. The study recommends that further research be conducted to explore additional potential uses of trees and that the indiscriminate felling of trees be discouraged.
ASSESSMENT OF GYPSUM QUALITY ON SETTING TIME ABOUT CEMENT PRODUCTION AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS IN NAFADA L.GA. GOMBE STATE, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
The quality of gypsum is a critical factor in cement production, particularly in terms of its impact on setting time and the overall performance of the cement. This assessment examines the dual role of gypsum as both a retarder and a strength enhancer in Portland cement. Gypsum, primarily composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O), regulates the hydration process by controlling the reaction of tricalcium aluminate (C₃A), thus preventing flash setting and allowing for extended workability. The study highlights that optimal gypsum content typically ranges from 5% to 6%, which has been shown to enhance compressive and flexural strength while maintaining desirable setting times. Impurities in gypsum can adversely affect these properties, leading to inconsistent performance and potential structural issues. The findings underscore the importance of high-quality gypsum in achieving superior cement characteristics, emphasizing that excessive amounts or low-purity gypsum can lead to detrimental expansion and reduced strength. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into optimizing gypsum quality for improved cement production, with implications for both industry practices and future studies aimed at enhancing material performance. The purity of gypsum is crucial; lower purity levels (below 65%) can negatively impact the quality of cement. High-quality gypsum contributes positively to both the setting time and strength characteristics of cement, whereas impurities may compromise its performance.
OCCURRENCE OF HEATWAVES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The study analysed the occurrences of heatwaves in the metropolitan Kano between 1991 and 2010 to devise a mitigation protocol for this menace. Daily maximum temperature was taken at the synoptic hours (12 noon to 3:00 pm) during the period (March, April and May) of extreme heat (hot and dry). These temperature values were used to extract the period of heat waves using the 95th percentile thresholds. The maximum temperature data concerning heatwave occurrences were obtained from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) databases. The period from 2002 to 2009 experienced a high number of heatwave occurrences, with consecutive 26 days of 40.8 °C. Heatwaves typically occur in April and May. This implies that April and May were identified as the periods when the occurrence of heatwaves is intense in Kano. One of the key strategies to mitigate heatwaves is to enhance the early warning system for heatwaves, as this can help people take preventive measures, such as staying hydrated and avoiding outdoor activities during the hottest times of the day. Additionally, the government should invest in creating more cooling shelters and green spaces, particularly in urban areas, to provide relief during heat waves. Awareness campaigns about the risks of heatwaves and how to stay safe during such events are essential. This can include promoting lifestyle changes such as using light-coloured, loose-fitting clothing. Moreover, incorporating knowledge of the effects of heat waves into schools’ curricula can help mitigate them. It will provide the general public with firsthand information on the dangers associated with heat waves and possible methods for mitigating them.
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND PATRONAGE PATTERN OF TRAVEL AGENCIES ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Travel agencies serve as vital intermediaries linking tourists with services and attractions, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting and sustaining tourism development globally. Consequently, this study aims to examine the spatial distribution and patronage patterns of travel agencies, as well as the impact of travel agencies on tourism in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. The study employed a purposive sampling technique, where data were collected from thirteen travel agencies through the administration of forty-nine questionnaires. The geographic coordinates of these agencies were recorded using a Global Positioning System and analyzed in an ArcGIS 10.8.2 environment. The Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) tool was used to assess the location. Frequency and percentages were computed via IBM SPSS Version 20 to profile respondents and services. Findings revealed that travel agencies primarily serve a predominantly male (69.4%) and economically active (35-54 years) clientele, who are highly educated (83.7% with tertiary education). Income distribution indicates a bifurcated market requiring agencies to balance affordability and quality. The ANN result shows that agency locations were randomly distributed across Ilorin, with a concentration in Ilorin West, reflecting urban commercial hubs. The services offered were diverse, primarily focused on flight booking, international study packages, visa assistance, and religious pilgrimage arrangements. Patronage varies, with a notable annual peak associated with religious tourism, such as the Hajj and Umrah. The agencies significantly contribute to tourism development by facilitating travel, generating revenue, creating employment opportunities, and stimulating infrastructure growth. The study underscores the possibilities for expanding services to informal sector clients to enhance inclusivity and economic impact.
MAPPING TRYPANOSOMIASIS HOTSPOTS: A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH TO DISEASE RISK ASSESSMENT IN YANKARI GAME RESERVE
Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic vector-borne disease, poses a serious threat to both animal and human populations, especially in areas where the convergence of vectors and their hosts is easy. The Yankari Game Reserve in northeastern Nigeria is poorly understood as an environment with complex dynamics of Trypanosomiasis transmission. Using geospatial techniques, this paper comprehensively conducted an epidemiological risk assessment and mapping of Trypanosomiasis in the Yankari Game Reserve. This was achieved through combining Geospatial tools and methods such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing, and Spatial Analysis. This way, acquired data sets were integrated and analysed to generate risk maps delineating areas of high Trypanosomiasis transmission potential. Results indicated a spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of tsetse flies and trypanosome infections within the Game Reserve – Yankari. Environmental variables, including elevation, vegetation cover and proximity to water bodies, are identified as important predictors of Trypanosomiasis risk. Risk map results provide invaluable insights that aid in focusing target interventions on curtailing and mitigating the spread of Trypanosomiasis in the Game Reserve Region. The study also demonstrated the versatility of geospatial tools and techniques in interpreting the epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis, as well as highlighting the relevance of integrating multidisciplinary approaches for disease management and surveillance in wildlife reserves. Notably, this will significantly improve our understanding of the dynamics of Trypanosomiasis transmission and enhance the decision-making process, thereby safeguarding the health of both animal and human populations within and beyond Yankari Game Reserve.
Trypanosomiasis and Geospatial Techniques
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CRISIS ON RURAL LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS BETWEEN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
This study conducted a comparative analysis of the effect of the climate crisis on rural livelihood options between the northern and southern agro-ecological zones of Katsina State. Data for this study were generated by administering structured questionnaires, and the data analysis was achieved using descriptive statistics. The study’s significant findings revealed that 16.1% of the respondents engaged in regenerative and 10.9% extractive rural livelihood options, while 73% engaged in both options in the Northern zone. In the Southern zone, 20.2% and 15.7% of the respondents engaged in regenerative and extractive livelihood options, and 64.1% engaged in both options. The results also show that 30.8% of the respondents perceived a nuisance effect due to the climate crisis, while 44.2% and 25% perceived damage and disruption, respectively, in the Northern zone. In the Southern zone, 40.2% of the respondents perceived a nuisance, 29.8% perceived damage, and 30% perceived disruption. The result further shows that 38.6% of the respondents agreed that the possibility of the climate crisis hurting rural livelihood options is likely to continue happening in the Northern zone. In comparison, 42.9% of respondents in the Southern zone share a similar view to that of the Northern zone. The study concluded that the livelihood options were vulnerable to the climate crisis, and the possibility of hurting rural livelihood options will continue. The study recommended that rural communities should engage in and be aware of awareness campaigns on the dangers of the climate crisis to their resource base and livelihood options.
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF MARITAL DISSOLUTION IN NIGERIA
Marital dissolution remains a critical socio-demographic issue in Nigeria, with significant regional disparities in divorce and separation rates across the country’s six geopolitical zones. This study employs a geospatial approach to examine the patterns and socio-economic implications of marital dissolution using data from the Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) 2018/2019 and the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2018. The findings reveal that marital dissolution rates (MDRs) vary significantly by region, with the South-South zone recording the highest MDR (7.2%), while the North-West reports the lowest (1.3%). The study identifies several key factors influencing divorce trends, including educational attainment, economic conditions, cultural practices, and religious beliefs. Divorce is highly stigmatised in the North, where women often face economic hardship and social exclusion. In contrast, in the South-West and South-South, rising financial independence among women and changing gender roles contribute to increased MDRs. The study also highlights the impact of urbanisation, polygamous marriages, early marriage practices, and economic instability in shaping marital outcomes. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted policy interventions, including legal reforms, economic empowerment initiatives, and public awareness campaigns, to mitigate the adverse effects of marital dissolution and promote stable and equitable marital relationships across Nigeria’s diverse regions.
PHYSIOCHEMICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND FARM SOILS FERTILITY AROUND KOZA AND SABKE DAMS IN MAI’ADUA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Irrigation water and farm soil are crucial for agriculture, as their quality impacts crop growth and ecosystem sustainability. This study assesses the physicochemical quality of irrigation water and farm soil in the vicinity of the Koza and Sabke dams in Mai’adua, Katsina State, Nigeria, to determine whether the water and soil meet the acceptable standards for safe agricultural use. Standard sampling techniques and laboratory analyses, as outlined by the American Public Health Association, were employed to measure water and soil parameters across both wet and dry seasons. Results revealed that water temperatures ranged from 27.16±0.89 °C in the wet season to 29.00±0.65 °C in the dry season for Sabke Dam, and from 26.24±1.30 °C in the wet season to 29.52±1.15 °C in the dry season for Koza Dam, exceeding the WHO standards and promoting microbial growth. Turbidity levels ranged from 303.58 ± 5.47 in the wet season to 290.60 ± 11.49 in the dry season for Sabke Dam, and from 290.36 ± 8.58 in the wet season to 263.89 ± 13.07 in the dry season for Koza Dam, both of which were far above the WHO limit of 5 NTUs. Nitrate values ranged from 14.543±0.44 in the wet season to 13.09±0.42 in the dry season for Sabke Dam and 17.90±0.82 in the wet season to 16.18±0.42 in the dry season for Koza Dam, remaining within permissible limits. Soil analysis revealed slightly acidic pH values, moderate moisture levels, and a high organic matter content, with adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium supporting plant growth. The study recommends the need for sustainable water and soil management practices to mitigate risks and enhance agricultural productivity in the region.
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN BATAGARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KATSINA STATE, NORTHERN NIGERIA
A practical and sustainable Soil Fertility Management Strategy is crucial to sustainable agricultural development. Using questionnaires, interview schedules, and Focus Group Discussions, the paper assessed the relationship between the use of fertiliser and soil fertility management among smallholder farmers in Batagarawa Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Based on farmers' perceptions, the study established a significant relationship between the use of fertilisers and soil fertility management, considering the choice of fertilisers, method of application, preference rankings, and problems associated with soil fertility management. Results are presented using tables and simple percentages. Spearman Rank Correlation was also used to determine the degree of relationship between the use of fertiliser and soil fertility, with a P-value of 0.213. Chemical fertiliser was found to be the most widely used input for maintaining soil fertility, at 55%, followed by Cow Dung at 25%, sheep/goat dropping and ash/plant residue at 19% and 10%, respectively. The high cost of chemical fertiliser and transportation costs were identified as the top challenges faced by farmers in the study area. The study therefore recommends the provision of subsidised chemical fertiliser, encourages mixed farming practices to boost the production of organic fertiliser, and improves the transport network for the sustainable development of the sector.
PASSENGERS' PERCEPTION OF THE QUALITY OF INTER-STATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES IN KATSINA, NIGERIA
Ensuring high-quality service is crucial in the highly competitive transportation industry, where service excellence plays a key role in customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, and overall industry sustainability. Accordingly, this study examines passengers' perceptions of the quality of service in inter-state public transport services in Katsina. A random sampling technique was employed to distribute 384 questionnaires to passengers using public transportation services in the study area. Data were analysed using principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal that the comfort of seats and leg space are the most crucial factors, with a mean value of 3.9844, followed by travel time after boarding the bus, vehicle cleanliness, and delay at checkpoints, in that order, with mean values of 3.8333, 3.7083, and 3.6953, respectively. The study also revealed that the travel time after boarding the bus (89.8%) is the most significant factor determining passenger satisfaction. Furthermore, the results of the multiple regression analysis reveal a strong positive relationship (R² = 0.662) between the quality of service and passenger satisfaction, indicating that an improvement in the services provided by public transport leads to increased passenger satisfaction in Katsina State, and vice versa. It is recommended that implementation of measures to reduce travel time after passengers’ board the bus and enhance the overall quality of service such as optimising bus schedules to minimise wait times, implementing real-time tracking systems to inform passengers about bus arrival and departure times, improving vehicle maintenance, ensuring punctuality, and providing driver training programs focused on customer service, may significantly boost passenger satisfaction.
RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SUDAN SAVANNA ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
This research explored the dynamics of rainfall and temperature patterns in the context of climate change within the Sudan savanna ecological zone of Katsina State, Nigeria. The study analyzed rainfall and temperature data spanning 60 years (1961-2020). Linear regression, standard deviation, and second-order polynomial curve fitting were used to determine the trend of the climate data. Cramer’s test was used to determine the decadal rainfall and temperature trend. The study period was further subdivided into two non-overlapping climatic subperiods (1961-1990 and 1991-2020), and the students’ t-test (td) was used to determine the relative contribution of the two subperiods to the rainfall and temperature features of the study area. The trend analysis results revealed increased rainfall and temperature in recent years. The Cramer’s and t-test findings indicated a significant rise in monthly and annual rainfall and temperature over the last three decades, underscoring clear evidence of climate change in the study area. These changes highlight the substantial ecological alterations driven by rising global temperatures, threatening the survival of the human race. The study emphasized that awareness programmes on recent changes in temperature and rainfall should be enhanced; greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere that have warming effect should be reduced; and government policies related to agriculture, water resources, and other related sectors should take into account the increasing nature of temperature and rainfall amount in recent years.
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ANALYSIS OF OPEN DEFECATION SITES AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE CONVENIENCES IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
Open defecation menace (ODM) has remained one of the challenging urban environmental problems and public health issues in many cities in Nigeria, including Kano Metropolis. This study aimed to analyze the spatial location of open defecation sites and public-private conveniences in Kano Metropolis, with a view to map and locate areas with high cases and identify the drivers of ODM in the area. Primary data methods were employed to facilitate the study. The coordinates of ODSs and PPCs were obtained using Global Positioning System (GPS). Availability sampling was used to sample 399 respondents, and a structured questionnaire was administered. The ArcMap environment of ArcGIS 10.7 was employed to map the spatial location of ODSs and PPCs; Nearest Neighbour Analysis was conducted to determine the pattern of the spatial distributions. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze drivers of ODM. The finding revealed that the majority (60%) and (57%) of ODSs and PPCs are located in Kumbotso, while Dala accounted for (12%) and (7%) the least. It was also revealed that the majority (43%) of the respondents indicated that the monetary aspect is a major driver of ODM, and the least (5%) indicated the availability of conveniences. The study concluded that socioeconomic factors, inadequate sanitation facilities, urban planning, and cultural norms shape the patterns of ODM. In addition, people residing within OPSs are exposed to vulnerable health conditions. It was recommended that public-private partnerships should be established in the area of mobile toilet facilities around marketplaces, roads, streets, and motor parks.