FUDMA Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Federal University Dutsin-Ma Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences Online ISSN: 1595-9708 Print ISSN: 1595-9686
Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences
ANALYSIS OF GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF SELECTED LATERITE MINING PITS IN DUTSIN-MA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA AND ENVIRONS
This study investigates the geochemical and geotechnical properties of laterite soils from four active mining sites (Kurfi, Gago, Radda, and Shagari) located in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria, to characterize laterite and assess its suitability for construction. The research employed an analytical framework, combining geochemical analysis using spectrophotometry to determine the concentrations of Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Iron oxide (Fe2O3), and Manganese oxide (MnO2), alongside geotechnical testing including Atterberg limits, compaction, moisture content, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) measurements following standard procedures (BS 1377 and ASTM D698). The results revealed significant spatial variability in geochemical and geotechnical parameters across the four mining sites. Fe2O3 content ranged from 0.07 to 1.34 mg/kg, with Radda and Shagari exhibiting substantially higher concentrations, indicating more advanced lateritization and weathering processes. Similarly, SiO2 concentrations varied from 2.50 to 3.90 mg/kg, confirming intense desilication characteristic of tropical ferralitization under humid conditions. The CBR values demonstrated remarkable variation from 16% to 60%, with Radda showing the highest strength characteristics, while the Plasticity Index ranged from 2% to 7%, reflecting differences in clay mineralogy across sites. Correlation analysis established strong relationships between geochemical and geotechnical parameters, particularly the positive correlation between Fe2O3 and CBR (r = 0.894) and the strong relationship between SiO2 and optimum moisture content (r = 0.947), highlighting the significant influence of oxide composition on engineering behavior. The findings underscore the importance of site-specific characterization in optimizing laterite utilization and implementing monitoring of mining sites to prevent overexploitation and environmental degradation in the Dutsin-ma area.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Murtala, C. Ndabula, G.G. Jidauna
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EXTREME HEAT WAVE EVENTS IN GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
This paper presents a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of extreme heatwave events in Gombe State, Nigeria, with a focus on four selected Local Government Areas (LGAs): Gombe, Akko, Yamaltu-Deba, and Kwami. Drawing on historical climate data spanning 1970–2024 from WorldClim and CRU TS datasets, alongside recent weather observations (2022–2026), the study examines temperature trends, as well as the frequency, intensity, and spatial distribution of heatwave events across the region. The results reveal a statistically significant warming trend of +0.18°C per decade (R² = 0.385), with more accelerated warming observed after the year 2000. Seasonally, March and April are identified as the most critical heatwave months, during which maximum temperatures reach as high as 43°C (109°F). Spatial analysis further shows clear intra-state variability, with urbanized LGAs—particularly Gombe and Akko—experiencing higher heatwave intensity due to urban heat island effects. In contrast, rural LGAs exhibit comparatively lower but still increasing heat exposure. Overall, the findings provide robust, localized evidence of intensifying heat extremes in the Sudano-Sahelian region and underscore the urgent need for targeted climate adaptation strategies and public health interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 B.A. Muhammed, I.I. Abubakar, E. Torsen
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN WARWADE VILLAGE, DUTSE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Agricultural productivity depends largely on the physical and chemical properties of soil, which influence nutrient availability, water retention, root development, and crop productivity. This study assessed the physical and chemical properties of soil in Warwade Village, located in Dutse Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Four cultivated rice farms (Farm 1–Farm 4) were selected for the study. Composite soil samples were collected from four cultivated rice farms at depths of 0- 20 cm and 20- 40 cm using a geographical positioning system to record coordinates, and Locus Map (Version 4.29, Asamm Software) was used to delineate the map. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% significance level. The soil texture was characterized by sandy loam to loamy sand. Bulk density ranged from 1.61 to 1.65 Mg m⁻³ across the four farms, with the highest value recorded in Farm 3 (1.65 Mg m⁻³). Soil pH ranged from moderately acidic in Farms 1 and 2 (5.85–6.15) to slightly acidic (5.55- 5.60) in Farms 3 and 4. Organic carbon was highest in Farm 4 (0.80 g/kg) and showed significant variation from the values in the other farms. Exchangeable calcium was highest in Farm 4 and lowest in Farm 2, with significant differences observed. Electrical conductivity (0.02–0.16 dS m⁻¹), organic carbon (0.23–0.80 g kg⁻¹), total nitrogen (0.09–0.35 g kg⁻¹), available phosphorus (9.64–11.21 mg kg⁻¹), exchangeable sodium (0.03–0.07cmol (+) kg⁻¹) and exchangeable acidity (0.30–0.90 cmol(+) kg⁻¹) showing no significant differences (P > 0.05) and were generally low among the four farms. This suggests that management of soil fertility is required to improve soil productivity and sustain agricultural production in Warwade.
Copyright (c) 2026 H.A. Santuraki, M. Abdullahi, A. Abubakar, A.T. Mahmud, A. Nabayi, M.M. Maunde
URBANIZATION, HOUSE RENT DYNAMICS, AND HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN SABON TASHA, CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the relationship between rapid urbanization, house rent dynamics, and housing affordability in Sabon Tasha, Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 388 residents selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Chi-square (χ²) test of independence. The findings revealed that respondents perceived rapid urban expansion and increasing population concentration as major drivers of rising rental values and declining housing affordability. Nearly half of the respondents (48.00%) reported that urbanization had negatively affected housing affordability, while housing demand arising from population growth (59.02%) and rapid urbanization (56.70%) were identified as the principal drivers of rent escalation. Rent increases were perceived to be most pronounced in premium housing segments (53.00%). The Chi-square analysis further revealed a statistically significant relationship between respondents’ duration of residence and their perceptions of urbanization’s impact on housing affordability (χ² = 381.432, df = 9, p < 0.001). Respondents also reported increased household financial strain (45.10%), residential displacement (12.89%), and adverse effects on local economic activities (54.12%). The study concludes that rapid urbanization, coupled with weak housing governance, is associated with growing housing affordability challenges. It recommends strengthened rent regulation, improved land-use planning, and expanded public-private partnerships to enhance the provision of affordable housing in rapidly urbanizing peri-urban communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. Dogo, P.J. Averik, J.D. Ariko
GEOSPATIAL PROJECTION OF FOREST COVER DYNAMICS IN CENTRAL ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Forests play a central role in sustaining biodiversity and regulating climate, yet they continue to face intense anthropogenic pressures across Nigeria. This study assessed past and future changes in forest trees within Adamawa State’s central zone using geospatial techniques. Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data for 1990, 2000, 2013, and 2021 were sourced from the United States Geological Survey repository. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed to evaluate forest cover changes and to project scenarios through 2050 using a linear trend model. Results revealed a substantial increase in high-density forest cover (high NDVI) between 1990 and 2000 of 230.2 km² (5.07%), but declines between 2000 and 2013 of 183.9 km² (-15.05%) and between 2013 and 2021 of 420.7 km² (-48.38%). Predictions indicate temporary regeneration by 2030 (197.99 km²), followed by severe reduction to 67.30 km² in 2040 and further loss by 2050 (-63.39 km²). Conversely, medium NDVI values (shrubs and grassland) showed steady increases, while low NDVI areas fluctuated with an overall trend of expansion. The findings suggest that unless effective conservation and sustainable land management practices are adopted, the study area will continue to experience drastic forest depletion driven by agricultural expansion, overgrazing, urbanization, and climate change. This poses serious implications for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem services.
LOCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS SELLING POINTS IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
This study assesses the locational implications of Liquefied Petroleum Gas selling points in Kano Metropolis, with a view to mapping and determining their locational compliance with regulatory guidelines. GPS was employed to record the coordinates of the selling points. ArcGIS 10.1 was used to map the spatial location of the selling points. A spatial statistical tool was used to analyze their spatial distribution patterns. In contrast, the z-ratio analytical technique was used to examine their compliance with the NMDPRA requirement to be 10m away from the road. The findings reveal that retail shops/outlets are predominantly located in densely populated areas, in proximity to one another, indicating a high level of vulnerability and exposure for residents to a likely LPG disaster. The buffer analysis shows that about 57% of retail shops and 64% of plants are located within 10m and 20m of the road, violating NMDPRA standards and guidelines. The NNI ratio is 0.39, which is ˃1 and closer to zero, indicating that the points are closer to each other and clearly indicating that the LPG selling points are statistically clustered. It was concluded that the location of the LPGSPs in the area exposes community members and the environment to LPG-related risks and hazards. The study recommends that KUNPDA introduce zoning regulations to address the rapid proliferation of LPGSPs in residential areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 FUDMA Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences
BRIDGING THE HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION GAP: A CASE FOR INSTITUTIONALIZED SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE AT KADUNA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, GIDAN-WAYA, NIGERIA
Despite global commitments to Universal Health Coverage, tertiary students in Nigeria remain inadequately protected from healthcare-related financial risks. This study examined the healthcare utilization gap at Kaduna State College of Education, Gidan-Waya, using a descriptive survey design and a multistage sampling technique to select 357 respondents from a population of 5,335 full-time NCE students. The findings reveal a substantial disconnect between healthcare needs and service utilization: 73% of students reported unmet medical needs, while no institutional free medical outreach programme was implemented during the seven years (2018–2025). Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between parental socio-economic status and healthcare access (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.56) indicates that household financial capacity accounts for more than half of the variation in healthcare utilization. The findings further suggest that reliance on out-of-pocket payments poses significant challenges for economically vulnerable students, thereby reinforcing inequities in access to care. The study concludes that existing institutional arrangements are inconsistent with UHC principles and the Okanagan Charter for Health-Promoting Universities and Colleges. It therefore recommends the operationalization of the Tertiary Institutions Social Health Insurance Programme and its integration with the Kaduna State Contributory Health Management Authority to promote equitable and sustainable access to healthcare for students.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES ON HYDRO-GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES OF THE DONGA RIVER BASIN IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
This paper analysed the morphometric parameters of the Donga River Basin in Taraba State, Nigeria, to understand the key factors influencing hydro-geomorphic processes. Data used for morphometric analysis were derived from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Model, obtained from the United States Geological Survey website. Water stage/discharge data were obtained from the Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Channel width was determined in the field at the confluence of each succeeding Sub-Basin and from a 2020 satellite image. Twenty-one (21) morphometric parameters of area, linear, and relief aspects were generated and calculated using various formulas from the literature. These morphometric parameters were subjected to correlation and principal component analysis in SPSS version 23. The result of the analysis revealed that the study area comprises one hundred and one (101) sub-basins that discharge water and sediments into the main Donga River channel. Water stage/discharge data from five gauging stations on the River Donga (Gembu, Abong, Manya, Donga Town, and Bantaje) showed an increase in downstream flow with channel width. High-level multi-correlation exists between the morphometric parameters and six (6) variables with eigenvalues greater than one (>1), which were factored out and explain 77.154% of the total variance in morphometric attributes. They are: index of basin area (32.922%), slope/relief (16.972%), stream network (13.327%), basin shape (8.235%), and terrain ruggedness (5.699%). These influences slope processes, discharge, erosion, sediment transport, deposition, and the morphology of the study area. Measures for basin planning and management were strongly recommended.
FARMER KNOWLEDGE AND VALIDATION IN DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (2013–2025) WITH EMPHASIS ON SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND COMPARATIVE REGIONS
Land suitability assessment plays a central role in agricultural planning, sustainable land management, and climate adaptation. Recent decades have witnessed rapid methodological advancement driven by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Digital Soil Mapping (DSM), and Machine Learning (ML). However, the extent to which these technological developments incorporate farmer knowledge remains unclear. This study conducts a systematic review of 60 peer-reviewed land suitability and DSM studies published between 2013 and 2025, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were analysed across three dimensions: methodological approach, validation strategy, and degree of farmer knowledge integration. Results indicate that 81.67% of studies excluded farmer participation entirely, while only 6.67% implemented structured participatory validation. The lowest levels of engagement were observed in ML/DSM studies, despite their methodological sophistication. Validation practices were dominated by statistical and biophysical approaches, with limited attention to socio-ecological relevance. These findings reveal a structural imbalance in contemporary land suitability research: predictive accuracy has advanced faster than contextual validation. The paper proposes a hybrid validation framework integrating predictive modelling, independent field verification, structured farmer participation, and uncertainty communication. Incorporating experiential knowledge alongside computational methods is argued to be essential for producing land suitability assessments that are scientifically robust, socially credible, and operationally adoptable.
HYDROLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF WETLAND ENCROACHMENT ON LOCAL FLOOD REGULATION IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Wetlands function as natural hydrological buffers, storing excess floodwaters and gradually releasing them to maintain hydrological balance, thereby playing a critical role in flood management. Anthropogenic flood buffering of wetlands in Abeokuta, Ogun State, has driven rapid urban growth, thereby reducing the city’s natural capacity to buffer floods. Despite the recurrent flooding, there remains a paucity of empirical studies that have quantitatively evaluated the hydrological effects of such encroachment. This study attempts to map the geographical scope of wetland loss and assess its impact on runoff and peak discharge using a combined geospatial and hydrological analysis. The geospatial design, based on a quantitative approach using remote sensing, GIS, and HEC-HMS modelling, was adopted. Landsat 7 TM (2015) and Landsat 8 ETM+ (2025) multispectral satellite images (spectral range of 0.45-2.35 µm and 30-meter resolution, respectively) were used in the study, and rainfall and discharge data were obtained from NiMet and the Ogun-Osun River Basin Authority. Land use analysis revealed that wetlands increased by 7% and water bodies decreased by 0.3%. The model had a high calibration, NSE = 0.77 and R2 = 0.81. Findings indicated that runoff and peak discharge increased by 19.8% and 22.4%, respectively, and the lag time decreased by 24.4%. These results indicate that the loss of wetlands increases the velocity of surface water runoff and amplifies flood peaks. The study recommends delineating the boundaries of protected wetlands within the Abeokuta master plan and integrating wetland variables in urban hydrological models to enhance sustainable flood control.
GEO-ELECTRICAL SURVEY FOR DELINEATING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES AROUND INDUSTRIAL AREAS, BAUCHI, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
This present study uses Dar Zarrouk (D-Z) Parameters: Total Transverse Unit Resistance, T (Ωm2), and Total Longitudinal Unit Conductance, S (Ω−1) to suggest optimal locations for drilling of boreholes in Gudum environ, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The methodology adopted used and interpreted 20 Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) curves with maximum current electrode spacing of AB/2 = 100 m. Aquifer parameter estimates from the (VES) curves were used to prepare contour maps of T (Ωm2), S (Ω−1), and aquifer thickness h (m). To effectively use these parameters, iso-thickness and iso-resistivity maps were compared with contour maps of transverse resistance. The agreement among these parameters provided the basis for identifying auriferous zones. It was observed that the Southern part of the study area, which is mainly underlain by the biotite hornblende granite, showed relatively higher T (Ωm2), h (m), and ρ (Ωm) values, implying high-yield auriferous zones. The overburden thicknesses at all VES stations range from 12.76 m to 44.57 m, with resistivity values from 104.0 Ωm to 371.1 Ωm. Also, the overburden thickness thematic maps confirm that the southern part of the study area has lower resistivity values, indicating that water wells sited in these areas yield more water.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CONFLICT AMONG RURAL YOUTHS IN WUKARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
This study provides a comprehensive spatio-temporal characterization of conflict affecting rural youths in Wukari Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria, from 1990 to 2023. Employing a mixed-methods approach integrating surveys, historical mapping, and qualitative interviews, the research analyzed conflict duration, spatial distribution, and temporal dynamics. Findings indicate that conflict is predominantly prolonged, with 46.9% and 36.6% of respondents experiencing months-long and years-long durations, respectively. Spatially, Akwana, Bantaje, Chonku, and Kente wards were identified as persistent multi-typology hotspots. Temporally, four distinct waves were characterized: tribal disputes (1990-1992); ethno-religious and chieftaincy conflicts (2001-2002); peak religious violence with regional spillover (2013-2015); and climate-resource stressed conflicts (2019-2023). The synthesis reveals conflict as multi-scalar and evolving, driven by an interaction of deep historical grievances, politicized identities, and emerging environmental stressors. The study concludes that the entrenched, spatially concentrated, and dynamically evolving nature of violence necessitates long-term, spatially targeted, and temporally adaptive peacebuilding strategies specifically tailored to protect and empower rural youth.
UTILIZATION AND CHALLENGES OF TRADITIONAL WEATHER FORECASTING IN IKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study analyzed the challenges of using traditional weather forecasting among farmers in the Ikara Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 384 farmers were purposively sampled to identify respondents knowledgeable about indigenous forecasting practices. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. The results revealed that the majority of respondents were aged 61–65 years (26%), predominantly male (66%), and married (49%), with farming experience spanning more than 50 years (28%). Findings showed that traditional forecasting is still widely practiced, but major challenges remain: 90% of farmers reported that some traditional indicators are difficult to interpret without elders, and 86% observed that certain indicators (such as bird migration and ant mounds) are no longer easily observable. In comparison, 85% noted that both climate change and modern meteorological forecasts reduce Reliability and reliance on traditional methods. The chi-square test (χ² = 38.29, p = 0.001) revealed a significant association between farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics and the challenges they face in using indigenous forecasting. The study concludes that although traditional forecasting remains relevant, its sustainability is threatened by climate variability, biodiversity loss, and generational gaps. The study, therefore, recommends strengthening extension services, documenting indigenous knowledge, and integrating traditional and modern forecasting systems to improve farmers’ adaptive capacity.
LAND USE AND LANDCOVER DYNAMICS AS SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION STRATEGY FOR ECO-HYDROLOGICAL STRESS ON JIKWATHLAR SPRING, BIU PLATEAU REGION, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
This study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) change in the Garkida–Taula catchment of the Biu Plateau region, Northeastern Nigeria, and its implications for the hydrological sustainability of the Jikwathlar Spring. Landsat imagery from 1982–2022 was processed in ArcGIS 10.8, using mosaicking, subsetting, and supervised classification to delineate four LULC categories: Bare Surface, Grasses/Farmland, Woodland, and Dense Vegetation. LULC change detection was conducted using matrix analysis and ANOVA to quantify spatial transitions, magnitudes, and annual rates of change. Results revealed significant spatio-temporal variability in the catchment. Bare surface and grass/Farmland areas consistently expanded between 1982 and 2022, increasing by approximately 8% and 15%, respectively, largely due to agricultural intensification, grazing, and fuelwood extraction. In contrast, Woodland and Dense Vegetation declined from 34% and 24% in 1982 to 24% and 11% in 2022, reflecting deforestation pressures and climatic stress. Periodic vegetation recovery was observed in 2002 and 2022, attributed to improved rainfall and reduced anthropogenic activities during the Boko Haram insurgency, which rendered large portions of the catchment inaccessible. Spatially, over 58% of the catchment experienced LULC transformation during the study period, while 41.9% remained significantly static. The Jikwathlar Spring and its surrounding grove persisted within this stable zone, maintaining ecological integrity despite broader landscape alterations. The study concludes that sustained vegetation degradation poses long-term risks to groundwater recharge and spring discharge within the catchment. Effective watershed management, reforestation, and land-use regulation are therefore essential to safeguard the hydrological resilience of Jikwathlar Spring and ensure ecosystem stability in the Biu Plateau region.
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN BORNO REGION, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
This study analyzes the spatial distribution, concentration, and adequacy of healthcare infrastructure in Southern Borno, Nigeria, and its implications for socioeconomic development. Using 2024 data from the Borno State Ministry of Health, Local Government Health Departments, and field surveys, the locations of hospitals, Primary Health Centres (PHCs), and health posts were georeferenced with a Garmin 76 handheld GPS. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were employed to map and evaluate distribution patterns, while Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) was used to assess spatial clustering. Location Quotient (LQ) and Z-scores were used to measure resource adequacy and rank healthcare provision across nine Local Government Areas (LGAs). Results reveal pronounced spatial inequalities and widespread inadequacies in healthcare infrastructure. Seven LGAs- Askira/Uba, Kwaya Kusar, Bayo, Chibok, Biu, Hawul, and Shani were relatively better served, whereas Damboa and Gwoza were critically disadvantaged across most indicators. NNA indicated significantly clustered distributions of PHCs (Rn = 0.707, z = −6.53, p < 0.01) and health posts (Rn = 0.565, z = −6.60, p < 0.01), with health posts exhibiting stronger clustering. LQ analysis showed pervasive shortages of medical personnel, hospital beds, and ambulances. Overall rankings identified Kwaya Kusar, Askira/Uba, and Bayo as the best-resourced, and Shani, Gwoza, and Damboa as the least equipped. The uneven and inadequate distribution of healthcare infrastructure undermines productivity, exacerbates poverty, increases mortality, and constrains rural development. The study concludes that Southern Borno faces both quantitative deficits and a skewed allocation of health resources, necessitating equitable redistribution, targeted deployment of personnel, infrastructure expansion, policy reforms, and continuous geospatial monitoring to promote inclusive socioeconomic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 FUDMA Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA, NIGERIA
This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in groundwater levels across Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. As urban development accelerates and climate conditions shift, understanding how groundwater responds to these changes is essential. The research involved a combination of field measurements from six monitoring wells, meteorological data, satellite-based land use analysis, and statistical techniques such as regression and correlation. Results indicate a consistent decline in groundwater levels throughout the study period. The dry season saw significant drawdowns, while the rainy season offered only limited recovery. Urban centers like Barnawa and Malali recorded the most severe reductions, largely due to increased water extraction and a lack of natural recharge caused by impervious surfaces. Temperature showed a stronger correlation with groundwater fluctuations than rainfall, suggesting that rising temperatures and evaporation rates are playing a greater role in water loss. The land-use analysis revealed growth of over 31 square kilometers in the urban area, further limiting the ground’s ability to absorb rainfall. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved groundwater governance. Key recommendations include stricter borehole regulations, encouragement of artificial recharge practices, and integration of water sustainability into urban planning. The study contributes valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to ensure long-term water security, aligning with national priorities and global objectives such as Sustainable Development Goal 6, advocating for resilient groundwater systems amidst the challenges posed by climate change and urban encroachment.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE/LAND COVER DYNAMICS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE BAGEL ZUNGUR WATERSHED, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
Land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics are critical indicators of environmental change and watershed sustainability, particularly in ecologically sensitive highland regions. This study analysed the spatio-temporal patterns and dynamics of LULC change in the Bagel Zungur Watershed, North-Central Nigeria, over 30 years (1990–2020) using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Landsat satellite images for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and processed using ERDAS IMAGINE and ArcGIS software. A supervised classification approach based on a modified Anderson Level I classification scheme was used to classify the watershed into six land cover categories: bare soil, built-up area, cultivated land, forest/riparian vegetation, rock outcrop, and broad river/waterbody. The results reveal significant LULC changes characterised by a consistent expansion of cultivated land and built-up areas, alongside a marked decline in forest and riparian vegetation. Cultivated land increased from 52.05% of the total watershed area in 1990 to 60.49% in 2020, while forest/riparian vegetation declined from 31.63% to 20.93% over the same period. Built-up areas also showed a steady increase, reflecting population growth and expanding human activities. Water bodies remained relatively stable throughout the study period. The observed LULC changes indicate increasing anthropogenic pressure on the watershed, with implications for land degradation, ecosystem stability, and water resource sustainability. The findings provide a valuable baseline for proactive watershed management, land-use planning, and environmental conservation strategies in the region.
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND HOUSEHOLD UTILIZATION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN DUTSIN-MA TOWN, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Water scarcity remains a major challenge in semi-arid regions of Nigeria, exacerbated by climate variability and population growth. This study assessed household utilization of rainwater harvesting as a water supply source, examined the major sources of domestic water supply in the study area and investigated the level of awareness and practice of rainwater harvesting in the study area. The study also analyzed 40 years (1985-2024) rainfall data of the study area. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 311 households. Secondary data (Rainfall) were sourced from NASA POWER data from 1985 to 2024. Descriptive statistics and linear time series were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that the area receives a mean annual rainfall of 757.99 mm, with an increasing trend of 2.2 mm per annum. The major sources of water in the study area during the rainy season and dry seasons were water vendors (29.9%) and (43.7%), respectively. About 98.9% of the respondents are aware of rainwater harvesting, and 82.6% practice it. Despite this, harvested rainwater is mainly used for non-potable purposes due to concerns about water quality. 48.2% of respondents use harvested rainwater for laundry. The study concludes that RWH has strong potential to improve domestic water supply and enhance climate resilience, but its effectiveness is constrained by inadequate infrastructure and seasonal rainfall variability. The study recommends improved storage systems, policy support, and public awareness to maximize the benefits of RWH.
Copyright (c) 2026 W. O Yusuf, G.G. Jidauna, C. Ndabula
GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND MINING-RELATED POLLUTION IN STREAM SEDIMENTS OF THE A-TYPE GRANITE COMPLEX, OF SHIRA AREA, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
This study investigates the occurrence and distribution of elements in rocks and stream sediments from the Shira area, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to assess metal inputs into the surrounding environment. Primary data were obtained through systematic sampling and laboratory analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) following HF–HNO₃ digestion. Twenty-three sampling sites covering approximately 120 km² were investigated. Results show that Li, Cs, Co, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pb, Th, U, and Zn are the most prominent trace elements in the study area. Thorium and uranium concentrations are significantly higher in rock samples than in stream sediments, with mean values of 3.89 ppm (Th) and 21.92 ppm (U) in rocks compared to 0.38 ppm and 2.7 ppm, respectively, in stream sediments. Lead exhibits a high mean concentration of 186.68 ppm in rocks but only 4.05 ppm in stream sediments. Copper, nickel, and zinc show notably elevated concentrations in rocks (296.23 ppm, 35.29 ppm, and 97.67 ppm, respectively) relative to stream sediments. The analysed elements include As, Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Cs, Ga, Nb, Ni, Mo, Sn, Th, and U. Comparison with global average crustal and rock-type geochemical background values indicates enrichment in As, V, Ni, Cr, and Pb. Enrichment factor analysis, based on regional geological background values, demonstrates that elevated elemental concentrations in stream sediments are primarily controlled by geological sources rather than industrial contamination.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRAINTS OF TRANSPORTING LIVESTOCK FROM MAI’ADUA MARKET, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
This paper examines the constraints of transporting livestock from the Mai’adua market. Both primary and secondary data were utilised for this study. The primary data was obtained via a structured questionnaire, while the secondary data was obtained from the Katsina State Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the State Ministry of Agriculture. Purposive sampling was used to select the study market, and snowball and quota sampling were employed to administer the questionnaire. The data were analysed using both descriptive statistics (simple percentages) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis). The finding reveals that males aged 35 to 54 are the primary actors in the livestock business and transportation. The results further indicate that poor roads, high taxes, unreceipted fees, and traffic congestion were the most significant challenges affecting livestock handling, trading, and transportation in the study market. Similarly, the correlation analysis shows both positive and negative associations among the variables. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the government improve the state of roads and construct railways from the sources to the various destinations to ensure smooth and relatively cheaper livestock transport.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF AQUIFER POTENTIALS IN MASHI TOWN, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA: A VERTICAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY APPROACH
Groundwater is a vital natural resource concealed beneath the Earth's surface; it is the most undervalued component of global resources. It is a critical resource accounting for nearly one-third of the world's freshwater supplies, particularly in areas where surface water is limited or unpredictable. A geophysical survey using vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted to explore groundwater prospecting areas in Mashi town, Katsina state. A total of eighteen (18) VES survey points using Schlumberger array configuration were acquired, processed and interpreted. The results revealed aquifer resistivity ranges from 87.6 to 198 Ώm. In contrast, aquifer thickness ranges between 3.86 and 33.4 m, aquifer depth varies from 9.1 to 40.3 m, transverse resistance ranges between 206.124 and 4255 Ώm2, and the range of hydraulic conductivity is 2.734 to 5.955 m/day. The estimated transmissivity range is 13.634 to 126.047 m2/day. The results indicate that the southeastern part of the study area has the potential for groundwater development. Therefore, areas around VES 1 to 10 are suitable for borehole drilling, which could yield high-quality water, and a depth of 20-40 m should be targeted for groundwater development.
LANDCOVER MAPPING OF EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS (ADO-EKITI) USING ASTRIUM PLEIADES-HR 1A IMAGERY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL
Remotely sensed satellite imagery and GIS technologies were utilised to map land cover of the Ekiti State University campus in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. GPS coordinates comprising 25 Ground Control Points (GCPs) taken with Mobile Topographer and a 1:20,000-scale basemap of the study area were also utilised in the processing. The Data were interpreted using the USGS/Anderson (1976) land cover classification and the IGU (1952) colour classification scheme. Supervised classification was performed using ArcGIS 10.3. Six landcover classes were identified, with Mixed Vegetation (MV) and Crop Field/Pasture (CF/P) accounting for the most significant areas, 156.06 hectares and 142.12 hectares, respectively. Built-up area (BU) covers only 91.63 hectares of the total land cover, with apparently sufficient space for future expansion, given judicious land allocation and adequate planning of development channels. Open Surface (OS) covers 19.91 hectares of the landcover. It occurs as barelands within the Built-up area (BU), but as bare rock surfaces in other parts of the entire university landcover. Plantation and Forest are the least, with only 11.48 hectares and 11.15 hectares, respectively, and should be conserved against further depletion. An overall accuracy of 75% and a kappa coefficient of 0.693 indicate the reliability of the classification on the final maps and data. The study demonstrated that remotely sensed data, coupled with GIS analysis, can be effectively used for land cover mapping of the study area. The resulting information can be incorporated into master and strategic plans for current and future development planning efforts and can help reduce potential environmental problems.
AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED DUMP SITES IN MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates air quality at dump sites in Makurdi, focusing on the pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO). It compares the levels of these pollutants to national air quality standards and the guidelines set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The study analyses variation in pollutant concentrations across locations, including Modern Market, North Bank, Wadata, and Wurukum, and compares dump and control sites as well as morning and evening periods. Findings indicate that NO₂ concentrations are higher at dump sites than at control sites, suggesting that waste disposal activities contribute to NO₂ emissions. Evening NO₂ levels with (0.073 ± 0.047) are higher than morning levels with (0.066 ± 0.052), due to increased waste-burning or vehicle activities during peak hours. SO₂ levels also show elevated concentrations at dump sites in the morning, with Modern Market exhibiting the highest SO₂ levels with (0.122 ± 0.169), likely due to early waste-burning practices. In contrast, control sites show lower SO₂ levels with (0.013 ± 0.034), underscoring the influence of waste management practices on localised SO₂ pollution. CO concentrations are higher at dump sites, with morning measurements in Wurukum (3.05 ± 0.79) and Wadata (2.983 ± 0.983) reaching peak levels, attributed to incomplete combustion processes standard in waste incineration. Evening CO levels are lower yet remain elevated compared to control sites, which show minimal CO presence. The observed pollutant patterns highlight the need for improved waste management practices and regulatory interventions to mitigate air quality degradation and protect public health.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTS’ SATISFACTION AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HOUSING ESTATES IN BAUCHI TOWN
Research has shown that, in developing countries, most public and private housing projects failed mainly because they did not consider what satisfies occupants’ residential needs. To provide policymakers with a database, this study compared residents' satisfaction with various housing and neighbourhood components across a few public and private housing estates in Bauchi town. To measure satisfaction levels, a quantitative survey research design was used, with structured questionnaires on a 5-point Likert scale. Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) table was used to choose a sample of 86 housing units. Simple random sampling was used in private estates, while stratified sampling was used in public estates. Descriptive statistics (mean ranking) were used to analyse. According to the study, people living in private estates were happier with their homes and neighbourhoods than people living in public estates. However, there were issues with recreational facilities, waste management, and safety for both kinds of estates. Despite these problems, the majority of residents continued to favour their current neighbourhoods for their accessibility, affordability, and sense of community. The study finds that although living conditions in private housing are superior, residents' expectations are not met by either type of housing. It recommends that housing developers and policymakers prioritise the provision of essential facilities and services, and urges the government to leverage institutions such as the National Urban Development Bank to support infrastructure improvements.
POPULATION GROWTH CHALLENGES AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES: CASE STUDY OF ZARIA AND SABON GARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
The study examines the contemporary issues of population growth, challenges, and prospects regarding the Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, involving 340 households. The study's data were collected through a structured questionnaire. A systematic sampling method was adopted to select respondents in areas with street layouts, and a random sampling method was used to choose household heads (as respondents for the study) in unplanned areas. The results indicated that 32.6% were married to more than one wife, and 42.9% had only a Quranic/Primary education. 45.5% are farmers. More results show that respondents maintained large family sizes (25.3%). 45% believed that religion was the cause of the area's high population. More than half (51%) believe that population growth can be reduced only by raising awareness of the negative consequences of overpopulation. The study therefore concluded that the area has witnessed a tremendous increase in population in recent years, with attendant implications and challenges like high crime, inflation, food insecurity, and youth unemployment. The study recommended that monogamous marriages should be encouraged. This is possible through mass education and enlightenment about the need to marry only one wife, thereby reducing family sizes. Early marriage should be discouraged, and education for the girl child should be encouraged; people should embrace family planning practices. Secondly, awareness of the negative consequences of population increase should be created.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AMONG MAIZE FARMERS TOWARDS FOOD SECURITY IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined maize farmers' adaptation strategies towards food security in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Benue State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to choose six LGAs from the state. Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination method was used to select 783 farmers, who were purposively sampled for the study. A self-structured questionnaire, titled the Crop Farmers' Perception Questionnaire (CFPQ), and an interview guide, titled the Crop Farmers' Perception Interview Guide (CFPIG), were used to elicit relevant information from respondents. Six focus group discussions were conducted, one in each LGA. A Relative Importance Index (RII) technique was used to determine the relative importance of various adaptation strategies to climate change. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents revealed that 75% were male, 50% were within the 30–40 years age group, the majority (39%) had attained secondary education, and 72% had lived in the area for 20–30 years. These characteristics are believed to have influenced the farmers’ perceptions and their choice of adaptation strategies. Mixed cropping ranked first among the adaptation strategies used by farmers, followed by early planting, the use of organic/inorganic manure, and the planting of pest- and disease-resistant crops. To enhance food security and promote climate resilience, the study recommends scaling up successful strategies, such as mixed cropping and organic manure use, and fostering integrated farming practices, including mixed farming and crop rotation, to improve soil health, reduce pests and diseases, and enhance overall agricultural productivity.
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study assesses the socio-economic impact of recycling programs on sustainable waste management in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, including a structured questionnaire and interviews with 384 respondents. The findings reveal that 72.92% of respondents are aware of recycling programs, with 42.86% rating them as "Effective." However, 10.71% considered these programs "Ineffective" or "Very Ineffective," indicating room for improvement. The most commonly recycled materials were plastic (35%) and paper (25%), while glass (13%) and metal (10%) were less frequently recycled. Economically, 57.29% of respondents reported benefiting from recycling programs, primarily through income generation (40.46%) and employment opportunities (32.27%). The study concludes with recommendations to enhance recycling programs, including public awareness campaigns, provision of recycling infrastructure, and community engagement. These findings underscore the importance of recycling programs in fostering sustainable waste management and socio-economic development in Kaduna Metropolis.
ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PERCEPTION ON GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY AND FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) GULLY CONTROL PROJECTS IN GOMBE TOWN, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the perception of the gully control project affected communities along the corridor of FCE(T) and GSU gully erosion control projects, both primary and secondary sources of data were used for this study, in-depth interviews and interaction with sampled community members was used to generate primary data, the total of 109 sampled were used, out of which 28 respondents are from GSU gully while 81 are from FCE(T) gully project area were selected from the list of Project affected persons using Random sampling. The study used descriptive statistics to analyse interview data. The result showed that the communities are satisfied with the project and were involved throughout project planning and implementation. Respondents agreed that the gully erosion control project carried out possessed the attribute required to withstand the test of time and to last long enough to benefit the community for an extended period, and indicated their willingness to support the project's sustainability. The study concluded that the gully erosion control projects at GSU and FCE(T) were holistic in their approach, carrying members of the project-affected communities along at various stages of the project, from project planning to implementation, which will go a long way toward ensuring ownership of the project by the affected communities.
ANALYSIS OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY OF SOME SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN ZANGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Agricultural marketing plays a significant part in extending the market for farm products in Nigeria. Marketing efficiency is a vital objective in agriculture and food marketing. The paper examines the marketing efficiency of Millet, Groundnut, and Sesame in the Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique involving two different stages was adopted and used to select two hundred and eighty-three (283) grain marketers in three (3) major weekly periodic markets in the study area. Quantitative data were collected from sampled grain marketers using well-structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and marketing margin. The study's findings indicated that the majority of respondents were male. It was predominantly composed of energetic individuals aged 30 to 34. The results showed that the majority of respondents were married and possessed a tertiary education. The findings also indicated that most individuals had household sizes of 6 to 10 persons. The results further revealed that the marketing efficiencies of the selected crops were 0.129, 0.043, and 0.090, respectively, using Shepherd’s (1956) model of marketing efficiency, which states that marketing efficiency ≥ 1 indicates efficient and ≤ 1 indicates inefficient. Based on this, it can be concluded that agricultural product marketing in the study area is inadequate. The following recommendations were made: crop marketers should develop innovative marketing tactics, including value addition to commodities, to enhance their profit margins. The government should regulate crop marketers' trading activities to ensure business efficiency.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' ADAPTATION TO DROUGHT IN NORTHERN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH
The study aimed to assess smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies to drought in the northern part of Katsina. The study used qualitative data obtained from farmers in four Local Government Areas. The objectives of the study are to examine the effects of drought and the adaptation strategies, as well as the constraints to adaptation. Data for the study were collected through Focus Group Discussion (n=28) and Key Informants Interview (n=10). The effects identified by the smallholder farmers were reduced crop yields, total crop failure, hunger, drying of surface and subsurface water, loss of animals, and vegetation. Furthermore, the results showed that smallholder farmers adapt to drought by planting drought-tolerant crops, planting early-maturing crops, practicing multiple cropping, applying manure, engaging in mixed farming, and using insecticides. Others were adjusting the farming calendar, planting economic trees, and switching to other businesses. Constraints to adaptation include limited access to improved crop varieties, credit, extension services, and irrigation water sources. It also consists of a lack of capital, high fertilizer and other farm input costs, and poor governance. It is recommended that smallholder farmers work together to develop sustainable community-based adaptation strategies and to plant economic trees as a livelihood activity. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations should empower farmers to adopt robust methods, such as irrigation, and incorporate their adaptation knowledge into the national drought plan.