SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10/3303/jees.2525.0202/019Keywords:
Groundwater fluctuation, Groundwater assessment, Groundwater management, Kaduna MetropolisAbstract
This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in groundwater levels across Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. As urban development accelerates and climate conditions shift, understanding how groundwater responds to these changes is essential. The research involved a combination of field measurements from six monitoring wells, meteorological data, satellite-based land use analysis, and statistical techniques such as regression and correlation. Results indicate a consistent decline in groundwater levels throughout the study period. The dry season saw significant drawdowns, while the rainy season offered only limited recovery. Urban centers like Barnawa and Malali recorded the most severe reductions, largely due to increased water extraction and a lack of natural recharge caused by impervious surfaces. Temperature showed a stronger correlation with groundwater fluctuations than rainfall, suggesting that rising temperatures and evaporation rates are playing a greater role in water loss. The land-use analysis revealed growth of over 31 square kilometers in the urban area, further limiting the ground’s ability to absorb rainfall. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved groundwater governance. Key recommendations include stricter borehole regulations, encouragement of artificial recharge practices, and integration of water sustainability into urban planning. The study contributes valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to ensure long-term water security, aligning with national priorities and global objectives such as Sustainable Development Goal 6, advocating for resilient groundwater systems amidst the challenges posed by climate change and urban encroachment.
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